But with the exception of advocating Indian casinos as economic development for depressed areas of the state, Mr. Pataki, a Republican, has not been eager to be seen as promoting gambling.
In a speech to Mumbai's business and cultural elite on Friday, Mr. Summers, a senior White House economic official, made a pitch for a third, Indian approach to economic development that he described as "people-centric" and driven by growth in consumption rather than exports, a reference to China.
The Indian government's economic development program is predicated on increasing electricity generating capacity.
A row over the government's attempts to acquire land forcibly for industrial use, for example, typifies the ambivalence many Indians feel towards economic development.
Native Americans and their supporters responded by disrupting traffic along the New York Thruway south of Buffalo, claiming the governor's actions violated Indian sovereignty and threatened economic development on the reservations.
The telephone company is the latest effort by the Mescalero Apache Indian tribe to promote economic development on its reservation, which already contains ski slopes, a gambling casino, elk-hunting grounds, a lumber company and a resort with a golf course.
Perhaps the greatest positive force to appear in some time are the Indian tribal councils and economic development boards, many of which support the arts in their own areas, not only to augment income but also out of an awareness of the cultural value of those arts.
Then the countries of the Indian subcontinent can focus on economic development.
Indian country has generated innovative economic development, cutting-edge health care programs and, most important, cohesive and powerful Native American pride.
Osborne said Modi had a better chance of achieving economic reform than some recent Indian governments because "he's got this enormous mandate for change, [and] in his election he appeals precisely to that young aspirational Indian who wanted to see more economic development in their country and get away from the subsidy culture which had bedevilled a lot of Indian politics".
Indian officials have indicated they view economic development as a more important goal.
