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Billions of dollars in energy contracts are pegged to indexes like those produced by Platts.
But those indexes, like all traded derivatives, are highly changeable and subject to manipulation.
Vanguard index funds carefully track commercial indexes like the S.& P. 500.
But the shutdown made calculating market indexes like the Dow Jones industrial average and the Standard & Poor's 500 index impossible.
Standard and Poor's, the McGraw-Hill division that operates indexes like the S.& P. 500, hopes to change that.
These "passive investors" have been throwing money at commodity indexes like the S&P-GSCI, sending itsky high.
The echoes that creative work provokes are generally too quiet and internal to be measured by indexes like sales figures.
Ms. Hughes said her study, conducted for her master's degree at West Virginia University, should be extended to broader indexes like the Standard & Poor's 500.
Most of the other major stock indexes, like the Standard & Poor's 500, the Russell 2000 and the Wilshire 5000 Total Market, are also skewed by capitalization weighting.
One steady source of money has been the growing number of new funds that mirror specific commodity indexes, like the Standard & Poor's Goldman Sachs Commodity Index.
The companies that build indexes, like Morgan Stanley Capital International and Dow Jones, are shaping new sector benchmarks as fast as they can.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com