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Three model performance metrics were calculated: Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency, a normalised error index statistic (the ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of observed data) and the percentage bias.
The BaTS program [77] was used to compute the association index statistic and parsimony score.
To statistically test if the evolutionary structure of BQCV, DWV and IAPV sequences is distinct among species, we computed the association index statistic (AI) [75] and parsimony score (PS) [76] statistic of clustering strength, using the BaTS (Bayesian tip-association significance testing) program developed by Parker et al. [77].
Areas under the ROC curve (AUC) were estimated using the concordance index statistic c (Harrell et al. 1982).
Cell-specific gene expression analysis was performed by using the specificity index statistic (pSI) R-package version 1.1 (Dougherty et al., 2010).
Recombination in the nuclear gene was assessed using the PHI (pairwise homoplasy index) statistic [ 20] implemented in the program SplitsTree v4.10 [ 21, 22].
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Using the c-index statistic as their metric, the authors find that, despite the power of the large number of cases analyzed, their models were only able to predict a portion of the complications and deaths that occurred.
Harrell's discrimination concordance index (C-index) statistic (which is the equivalent of an area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve for survival data) was calculated with the model refitted 200 times by bootstrap resampling in the training cohort.
Thus, the Fried's scale has been compared with the Frailty Index [ 10, 68, 69] and the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture index [ 15, 53] using different methods: correlation analyses [ 69], comparison of strength of cross-sectional [ 68] and prospective associations [ 10, 15], and use of the c-index statistic [ 53].
BBD = benign breast disease; BMI = body mass index; C statistic = concordance statistic; CI = confidence interval; ER = estrogen receptor; PMH = postmenopausal hormone; Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 = first, second, third, and fourth quartile; RR = relative risk.
This discriminatory ability is consistent with other indices that commonly drive clinical decisions, such as the LACE index (C statistic, 0.684) [ 27], the TIMI risk score (C statistic, 0.65) [ 28], the CHADS2 index (C statistic, 0.68-0.72) [ 29] or the Framingham risk score (C statistic, 0.63-0.83) [ 30].
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