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Table 2 shows the index offenses stratified for gender.
In one out of three index offenses (33.7%, N = 68), the victim was severely or fatally injured.
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Results regarding the criminal careers of juvenile sex offenders are given in table 5. Group offenders displayed more non-sexual and violent offensive behavior before the index offense and at follow up.
Group offenders displayed more non-sexual and violent offensive behavior before and after the index offense compared to solo offenders and child molesters.
The sample consisted of individuals with an index offense conviction of rape (n =124), child molestation (n = 438), or both rape and child molestation (n = 9).
In nearly half of the sample (47.8%, n = 54) the index offense was murder or manslaughter.
A further distinct female offender characteristic was prostitution prior to the index offense.
When the index offense was further examined by the severity of violence involved, absconders were found to have fewer offenses involving serious violence as compared to non-absconders.
According to a strict definition, recidivism was assumed only if new convictions subsequent to the index offense (child pornography consumption) were registered in the criminal records.
By means of these official registration systems, recidivism of the offenders as well as their criminal history prior to the index offense could be investigated.
At the time of the study, the most common index offense in our patient population was assault (58%), followed by uttering threats (20%) and weapons charges (15%).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com