To improve the safety and the therapeutic index of replication-competent adenoviral vectors, many unique strategies have been developed in an attempt to achieve tumor selectivity [ 8].
We compared the neurotoxicity of fipronil and chlorpyrifos in undifferentiated and differentiating neuronotypic PC12 cells, evaluating indices of cell replication, cell number, differentiation, and viability for short- and long-term exposures.
We compared the effects of different concentrations and durations of exposure of PC12 cells to chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion, physostigmine, dieldrin, and Ni2+ in undifferentiated and differentiated states, evaluating indices of cell replication (radiolabeled thymidine incorporation into DNA), cell number, cell growth, viability (trypan blue exclusion), and phenotype.
Our evaluations were conducted for cells in both the undifferentiated state and during differentiation, focusing on indices of cell replication (radiolabeled thymidine incorporation into DNA), cell number (amount of DNA in the culture), cell growth (total protein/DNA ratio, membrane/total protein ratio), viability (trypan blue exclusion), and phenotype (DA vs. ACh).
We exposed undifferentiated and differentiating neuronotypic PC12 cells to different organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion), a carbamate (physostigmine), an organochlorine (dieldrin), and a metal (divalent nickel; Ni2+) and examined indices of cell replication and differentiation for both short- and long-term exposures.
We compared the average values of replication indexes [ 17, 29, 30] of origins containing different numbers of Forkhead-binding sites.
Next the average values of replication indexes (RIs) [ 17, 29, 30] were assigned to origins and the RI values of each group were plotted.
For example the percentage of cells undergoing DNA replication in solid tumors, which are mostly aneuploid, varies between 2% to 8%, whereas a normal renewing epithelium such as the intestine exhibits a DNA replication index of approximately 16%.
For broad U.S. market exposure, the primary ETF - chosen for reasons of cost, index replication and liquidity, is the Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI).
gGCSI can be a useful measure for the study of replication-related features in bacterial genomes, and the index also provides confidence measures for GC skew-based predictions of replication origins.
It is well known that GC-skews occur bi-directionally in circular bacterial genomes along the direction of replication, and that GC-skew is an effective index for predicting the replication origin in some bacteria [ 2, 3].
