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For the 16 chr 2 microsatellites, the D' pairwise index of linkage disequilibrium (LD) was calculated using alleles that had a frequency of >0.1, and mean values were derived for each pair of loci with multiple alleles.
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The indices of linkage disequilibrium, D' [31] and R2 [32] were also determined and their relationship with distance between sites was plotted.
The first is that variation in developmental timing provides an index of character linkage, as such variation depends on the dissociation of developmental events.
Electroencephalography power will be estimated in the frequency bands delta/theta (2 7 Hz), alpha (8 13 Hz), beta (14 32 Hz) to examine changes in the power and frequency of oscillations over the sensorimotor cortex as an index of corticospinal linkage and maturation [ 59].
We note that complete linkage significantly outperforms other linkage clustering algorithms: nearest neighbor linkage (single linkage) got a CH index of 14,042 and average neighbor linkage got 23,512.
In the figure, the white round dots indicate the total backward linkage index and the total forward linkage index of 2000, and the black square dots indicate those of 2011.
The nematode community composition was compared at the species level, using cluster analysis based upon the Bray-Curtis index of similarity and single linkage [ 44].
To test for non-independence between these five markers, the linkage index of Gaudeul et al. [ 33] was calculated between all pairs with intermediate band frequencies (0.25-0.75) within a given population.
Specifically, we calculated the linkage index of Gaudeul et al. [ 33] as 1 n ∑ i m k i – m k i where m ki and m li are the genotypes of individual i at locus k and l respectively, for all 52 pairs of outlier loci with intermediate AFLP band frequencies (i.e. 0.25-0.75) in a given drainage.
The index of association measures the degree of linkage among different loci.
The APL index is useful to measure the degree of linkage among areas.
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