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Arterial stiffness index, augmentation index, augmentation pressure, subendocardial viability ratio (serving as an estimate of myocardial perfusion), electron beam computed tomography-measured coronary artery calcification (CAC) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were determined.
Measurement of augmentation pressure and augmentation index: Augmentation pressure is based on the principle that there is a reflected pressure from the periphery that appears in the aortic pressure waveform.
Endothelial function [reactive hyperemia index (RHI), Framingham RHI] and vascular stiffness (augmentation index, augmentation index normalized to an HR of 75 beats/min) were measured with pulse amplitude tonometry (Itamar Medical) as previously described (12).
Because of time limitations, the microvascular blood flow (laser Doppler flux [LDF]), tissue oxygenation (S o2), the arterial elasticity index (augmentation index [Aix]), and nitrotyrosine measurements were only taken at baseline and at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min thereafter.
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AASI: ambulatory arterial stiffness index; AIx: augmentation index; PWV: pulse wave velocity.
Abbreviations: CFR coronary flow reserve, RHI reactive hyperaemia index, AI augmentation index, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, BP blood pressure, HOMA Homeostatic Model Assessment.
Yet, additional stiffness indices such as the augmentation index (AIx), reflection magnitude (RM) and changes in augmentation pressure (AP) have not been studied adequately to facilitate and improve our knowledge regarding the ways that EVAR affects central hemodynamics.
During clamped euglycaemia, empagliflozin significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, radial augmentation index, carotid augmentation index and aortic augmentation index (Table 2, Figure 2).
During clamped hyperglycemic conditions, treatment with empagliflozin did not reduce blood pressure significantly, despite significant effects on radial augmentation index, carotid augmentation index and aortic augmentation index (Table 2, Figure 2).
[1], [21] As there is a linear relationship between heart rate and augmentation index, the augmentation index was standardized to a heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx-75).
There were no differences in augmentation index or augmented pressure during walnut supplementation.
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