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Disturbing the Wnt signal transduction cascade at different levels can cause a constitutive activation of this pathway, which promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. Indeed, activating mutations in the Wnt pathway have been observed in up to 40% of all HCC.
Incubation with the cognate ligands lead to a significant increase in membrane bound radioactivity in comparison to control membranes, indicating that ligand binding to OR22a is indeed activating the G-protein (Figure 4E).
Indeed, activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3) have been described in approximately 75%% of low-grade papillary bladder tumors.
Indeed, activating mutations of GFRs and downstream signaling pathways are common events in cancer, particularly in hematopoietic malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and often show striking associations with distinct clinical and cell-lineage phenotypes (Croce, 2008).
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However, Fos expression in the infralimbic cortex was positively correlated with reinstatement behaviour in the current study, indicating that this region is indeed activated and the extent of activation is related to the extent of the reinstatement of the conditioned approach to the CS.
In ARPE-19 cells submitted to hyperosmotic stress, p38 kinase was indeed activated in agreement with MAPKs activation induced by osmostress and/or binding with Gadd45.
Annexin V binding assays, which measure thrombocyte activation, revealed that the thrombocytes were indeed activated by ZW, confirming that the observed cellular aggregation was due to activation of thrombocytes (Figure 5C).
Control experiments were performed to ensure that BXB-ER does indeed activate MEK which then results in activation of ERK1/2 in our system just as shown before [35].
The results above proved that IFN, TLR and BCR signaling pathways were indeed activated in the B cells from active SLE patients.
Notably, ATF3 is known to activate EMT-inducing factors, Slug and Twist (Yin et al, 2008), and we found that they were indeed activated by Wnt signalling; however, this activation was significantly blocked by NDRG1.
Furthermore, additional molecular biology assays demonstrated that stellate cells were indeed activated by stimulation with PDGF and that these activated stellate cells produced TGF-β1.
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