Given our inability to predict low probability events, a policy maker cannot make his or her decision based only on such scientific findings; the policy maker must also consider what costs society is actually willing to incur to reduce risk.
Businesses would have incurred costs to reduce their smog pollution, just as they have to pay to haul away garbage, make sure transit fleets don't endanger drivers, and make sure their food products don't sicken people.
The second, less noticed tax break, passed in mid-October, allows American banks that receive injections from the $700 billion bailout to continue using losses incurred in previous years to reduce their taxes in later years.
The obvious answer is that it makes sense to incur costs in order to reduce costs only when doing so is itself cost justified: that is, when the cost incurred are less than the costs avoided.
Mobile providers often charge high rates for data usage and phone calls while on holiday, but there are alternative ways to reduce incurring extra fees.
Lockheed continues to benefit from a cost-cutting program that it began to reduce debt incurred through a series of acquisitions in the 1990's.
"All sale proceeds will be applied to reduce debt incurred for the Mirage acquisition," said Jim Murren, the president and chief financial officer of MGM Grand.
These experiments indicate a practical means to compare on farm the effects that husbandry methods have on the immune system, which in turn will allow for the development of better husbandry procedures to reduce stresses incurred during intensive mariculture.
In order to reduce wastage incurred by the classical BRP, we consider a modified block replacement policy (MBRP), which consists in canceling a preventive maintenance action if the time elapsed since the last maintenance action exceeds a specified time threshold.
Many were furious at how austerity imposed by the government to reduce debt incurred by profligate spending and corruption had undermined the lives of ordinary Greeks.
