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Obviously, if there is a policy that the member with smaller buffer size or fewer stored packets is given a higher priority to leave, then it will not only reduce the overhead incurred in the packet unloading, but also decrease the probability for each unloaded packet to be dropped.
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Therefore, the proposed scheme can reduce the packet tunneling cost incurred in the existing schemes.
When defining the immediate cost function (9), we use scalarization technique, i.e., C x,a) is a weighted sum of the holding and packet overflow costs incurred in the data link layer and the transmission power consumption and error rate incurred in the physical layer.
This policy minimizes the costs incurred by the packet delay and queue overflow.
Since the delays incurred in each direction can be considered identical, the one-way end-to-end delay experienced by a data packet is approximately equal to half of the round-trip delay observed at the transmitter.
According to our study we notice a clear tradeoff between the proportion of nodes in the geocast region that receive the packet and the overhead incurred by the geocast packet especially at low densities and irregular distributions.
The AOA measurements can be incurred in two approaches.
Secondly, the neighbour identifier requires room in the packet header and thus incurs extra framing, which significantly inflates the otherwise short packet.
Moreover, errors in the packet transmission or in the ACK message, with subsequent retransmission, will also incur in new transmissions of ACK messages: R a p, h = 1 - P d p, h + + 1 - P d p, h.
When channel coding is implemented an overhead is incurred to the transmitted packets.
I highlighted them in the packet.
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