The research indicates that examples of new business' ability to undermine an incumbent through lower innovation was enhanced when new business model characteristics were introduced; when the incumbents existing patents, trademarks, and projected intellectual property limit the incumbents ability to respond.
But more than anything, success will depend upon incumbents' ability to effectively change corporate culture, creating a brand and working environment that attracts top software talent otherwise destined to join the Googles, Facebooks, Amazons, Didis and Microsofts of this world.
Which ones are and aren't will be determined in part by what we think it's socially acceptable to "surge price," along with incumbents' political ability to block innovation as we're seeing with Uber among others.
We hypothesize that an incumbent firm's ability to exploit these new methods of invention depends initially on access to tacit knowledge on how to employ the new methods.
Mr. Obama has also exploited one of the perks of an incumbent president: the ability to raise checks for his party's main campaign committee in amounts of up to $30,800 per donor per year, far more than the $5,000 his campaign can accept from each donor for the cycle.
A gradual but steady process of liberalization would have required consensus among different interested groups and a mature institutional framework capable of limiting the incumbent government's ability to discretionally introduce major shifts in trade policy and benefit some groups at the expenses of others.
A democracy, she says, "at the very least must have some basic defining characteristics, the most important being the ability to vote an incumbent out of power through the use of a functioning electoral process that allows competition".
And most incumbent institutions have the ability to meet this soon-to-be future state successfully, if they couple this ability with institutional will.
Now he holds every incumbent's ace: an ability to focus exclusively on the general election.
Entry into the market by rival leagues challenged the incumbent monopsony cartel's ability to restrict compensation.
And, third, on the ability of incumbent firms to exploit changes inherent in digital production and distribution.
