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Fourth, point estimates for the incremental cost-effectiveness and cost utility ratio (ICER) will be computed on complete cost-effect pairs by dividing the incremental societal costs by the incremental effects at 12 months.
The linear relationship with the logarithm suggests increasing incremental effects at lower ranges of exposure, consistent with studies of lead (Canfield et al. 2003; Lanphear et al. 2000) and methylmercury (Grandjean et al. 1997) exposures.
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When the VE was >50% or the R0 <1.6, prepandemic vaccination alone was largely sufficient to contain the pandemic, and the addition of antiviral treatment offered only a minimal incremental effect at a high incremental cost (ICER >$1million per LYS).
The economic evaluation took the form of a cost effectiveness analysis in which we estimated the incremental costs (ΔC) and incremental effects (ΔE) attributable to planned birth at home, in a free standing midwifery unit, or in an alongside midwifery unit, with reference to planned birth in an obstetric unit, and expressed each in terms of an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER; ΔC/ΔE).
For each of these bootstrapped samples, the incremental costs, incremental effects, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) will be calculated.
Incremental intervention costs were then divided by incremental effects to obtain incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), which show the additional costs required to achieve an additional unit of effect when interventions are scaled up.
Outcomes with their surrounding uncertainty are presented for IC, incremental effects (IE) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).
Figure 2 shows the cost-effectiveness plane; on top both CRT-P and CRT-D versus OPT (incremental effects on the x-axis expressed as QALYs gained), while at the bottom CRT-P becomes the comparator for CRT-D.
The outcome of this CEA is expressed as a ratio of incremental costs relative to incremental effects of the intervention: the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), expressed in euros per QALY Quality Adjusted Lifee Years [14]].
Presenting the results of cost effectiveness studies requires reporting the incremental costs and effects of a new intervention relative to an alternative and then reporting an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (incremental costs divided by incremental effects).
Based on the linear lines representing the incremental effects and costs, the incremental cost utility ratios (ICUR) at various compliance differences can be determined by dividing the incremental costs by the corresponding incremental effects (see Figure 2).
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