The demands by the pharmaceutical industry for effective therapeutics and vaccines at increasingly lower costs have ensured the use of E. coli as a recombinant host and as a reliable and effective alternative to mammalian cell culture.
All that sensor information, and increasingly lower storage costs, mean that more of everything will be saved and stored.
During that period in history, the Territory of Hawai'i produced only 4.1% of its total rice requirement, and was increasingly threatened by lower cost, mechanized producers in California.
There are two explanations: the price competition from local brands of increasingly better quality with lower cost structures than the global brands plus the need to develop brand presence in less prosperous regions that are more price-sensitive.
Heap leaching is being increasingly explored as a lower cost metallurgical technology to extract copper from sulfide ores of low grade and quality.
Pupillary response is a valid indicator of mental workload and is being increasingly leveraged to identify lower cost moments for interruption, evaluate complex interfaces, and develop further understanding of psychological processes.
New diagnostic tools based on protein identification (e.g., mass spectrometry, biochemical or immunological techniques) are increasingly available at lower costs, as are tests characterising other biomolecules, including for instance lipids and sugars.
Provincial cities such as Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Toulouse now boast metro networks, while a growing number of other cities (such as Lille, Nantes, Strasbourg, and Grenoble) are served by tramways, a solution increasingly favoured because of its comparatively lower cost.
At first, it was unclear whether or not this might be attributable simply to an abundance of supply of the lower cost device, but increasingly, it seems demand plays a role, too.
