Compared with the results shown in Fig. 5a, increased variance is observed in the results, which leads to less steady average localization performance.
It is also the case that in some biologically actual circumstances for example, in circumstances in which mean fitnesses are low, increased variance is sometimes selected for (Ekbohm, Fagerstrom, and Agren 1979).
The increased variance is evidenced in Table 2, where for the majority of cases considered, the SD of the individual pollutant effect estimate obtained from SPCA is larger than the SD of the corresponding estimate obtained from PCA.
The increased variance is primarily attributed to the non-event NRI portion of the calculation in Equation 5 since this is calculated using only a subsample of the non-events in the full cohort (Additional file 1: Figure S4).
This indicates that both the pattern and magnitude of integration among the processes are similar across genotypes and further suggests that the same processes that increase variance are also linked to overall structural changes within the face.
The value of n is determined by g j, then, deviation of position error is increased by the increment of g j (i.e., if n is increased, variance (2n) is also increased).
In order of increasing variance these are markers 201, 34, 48 and 1.
Increasing ventricular size is a common finding with advancing age and the increased variance observed is likely due to accumulated brain tissue loss caused by age, infarctions, dementia, alcohol abuse and maybe psychiatric disease [ 26– 28].
The onset of increased genetic variance is predicted accurately also in small populations in which alleles can go extinct due to environmental stochasticity.
It would be interesting to see whether increased phenotypic variance is a common pattern in other species' range expansions, and whether there are underlying correlated genetic effects similar to those seen in wing patterning in the pale grass blue butterfly [ 1].
