An extended span of the production process for existing products to increase value added (commonly referred to as vertical integration).
In addition to economic barriers, there are also international trade and investment obligations that aim to restrict certain policies that shift towards increased value added activities.
His denial notwithstanding, Mr de Guindos is today due to give Spain's parliament details of another €30bn in cuts – €10bn this year, the rest in coming years – as well as increasing taxes, and Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy's conservative People's Party government has already said it is planning to increase value added tax.
The Government of Montenegro increased value added tax (VAT) from 17% in 2012 to 19% in 2013 and raised income tax rates from 9% to 15% for those earning over €480 a month.
Whilst acknowledging the existing problems, the review of the COM should increase its contribution to ensuring the output of small-scale fishing, market stability, improved marketing of fisheries products and increased value added.
Its successor has slashed the budget deficit, partly by increasing value-added tax by three points.
The more measured approach of José Sócrates, Portugal's prime minister, involved limiting wage cuts to politicians and senior civil servants, increasing value-added tax and postponing big infrastructure projects.
According to leaked documents the savings were to be made by increasing value-added tax, cutting healthcare and development aid, and trimming some of the generous state subsidies for house purchases.
Last August Japan, which has the OECD's highest corporate-tax rate, proposed exempting dividends paid to Japanese multinationals by foreign subsidiaries from tax, even as it planned, in effect, to raise more from individuals by increasing value-added tax.
He also said he would cut employers' social charges, which weigh far more heavily in France than in Germany, by increasing value-added tax from 19.6% to 21.2%.Both measures, Mr Sarkozy insists, will go through parliament before the election.
