7 years later, a follow-up lateral radiograph obtained as a young adult b shows further increased thickening along the anterior tibial cortex with narrowing of the medullary cavity.
Sorkin [32] found similar results for external measurements of the humeri of both S. fatalis and P. atrox, with both of them having relatively robust humeri, but with Smilodon showing increased thickening relative to length.
Another phenomenon that occurs in that area is an increased thickening of skin known as callous formation, also due to the increased pressure or rubbing and friction that occurs on the ball of the foot when standing or walking.
The researchers looked at the carotid arteries in snorers and found increased thickening of the artery walls, indicating damage already setting in.
Fig. 1 a Coronal image of CT scan of brain suggestive of abnormal increased thickening of scalp.
Rats born of hypoxic pregnancy with no vitamin C treatment showed increased thickening of the walls of the aorta up to 170% above normal and molecular markers of disease, such as an increase in the heart's heat shock proteins, a signal of cardiac oxidative stress.
Histological analysis of mineralized adult femurs and tibias revealed also an increased thickening of subchondral, trabecular and cortical bone.
The mammary glands from Dlc1gt/+ mice displayed increased thickening of the ductal branches compared with WT controls [Fig. 3a and b].
Increased thickening of the coronary walls has been observed in autopsies of fetuses of smoking mothers and of infants of smoking parents (Matturri et al. 2005).
The synovial hyperplasia, called 'pannus' is an increased thickening of the lining layer caused by the combination of cellular proliferation in situ, influx of cells from the circulation and reduced apoptosis with increased oxygen demand and consequent local hypoxia.
