Indeed, besides a failure to integrate outcomes across both positive and negative reinforcement history, our results showed that 5-HT OFC depletion specifically increased the timescale of the animals' tendency to choose the same option (stimulus) again, regardless of the outcome, an effect that could also account for the animals' pattern of behavioral impairments.
It is also shown that by increasing the loading severity the timescales become comparable witnessing the simultaneous co-existence of the different damage mechanisms.
Since such interactions could become transient at longer times, we increased the FRAP timescale to 60 s, to allow sufficient time for additional paxillin-YFP molecules to dissociate.
On an evolutionary timescale, increasing the numbers of AMF strains can create a 'tragedy of the commons' (Hardin 1968).
The integration kinetics for the EmrE mutants clearly show that longer loops increase the timescale of post-translational annealing, due to the reduction of the loop-flipping frequency for the longer soluble loops.
This uniform spread ensured that information encoded on slow timescales became available also on fast timescales (e.g., by enabling a more reliable estimate of a slow firing rate vector in a narrow time window and thus increasing the signal-to-noise ratio on fast timescales).
The discussion to follow has been designed on the basis of increasing timescale of the observed variations in rotation and has been organized in such a way that theoretical ideas and observational evidence are introduced only as they are required to extend understanding.
Ultra-thin Al2O3 coatings did not improve the reaction kinetics towards water oxidation, but rather, suppressed bi-molecular recombination on the μs-ms timescale in BiVO4, and increased the yield of long-lived holes on the ms-s timescale required to oxidise water.
In particular, genetic modification (GM) enables plant breeders to increase the potential of crops and reduce the timescales involved.
