There have been disparities between urban-rural areas in terms of poverty ratio.
Furthermore, Italy shows territorial dualism in terms of poverty or social exclusion (Istat 2011a), characterised by an extremely disadvantaged South, especially when persistent poverty is taken into account.
A third way to think about inequality is in terms of poverty measured by relative incomes.
The long-standing wisdom that universally designed benefits outperform targeted benefits in terms of poverty reduction has come under siege.
This situation also increases the incidence of catastrophic expenditure, thereby increasing the level of poverty [ 62].
Increased levels of poverty are also linked to identified barriers in terms of geography, income, and socio-cultural differences.
"In terms of increased poverty, we observed and documented higher unemployment, increased school dropouts, increased hunger, malnutrition and sickness," he said.
Imagine if men lived in a system where politicians (84% of whom were women) continuously enacted laws that imperiled their ability to earn a living fairly, increased their chances of poverty and long term insecurity?
Poverty has been shown to increase the chances of disability, and disability, in turn, increases the chances of poverty.
Financial exclusion significantly increases the risk of poverty.
The key drivers have been the bitter fruits of economic neoliberalism (increasing long-term unemployment, inequality, poverty), an egoistic consumerist culture and declining deference.
