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The number of functional groups increases with increasing surface oxidation treatment time, producing a hydrophobic carbon surface which accelerates carbon corrosion [32].
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Phosphorus addition to the VMoNb oxide catalyst essentially improved selectivity of ethane oxidation to acetic acid also as a result of increasing surface acidity.
The treatments increased surface energy and oxidation level of surface for both papers.
It has been observed that sulphation increases surface area, suppresses low temperature total oxidation and enhances the formation of partial oxidation products.
Increase surface area.
The degree of surface oxidation increased with increasing exposure time with a limiting depth of 100 150 nm.
When the concentration of CNTs increases, purity and surface oxidation seem to affect cell viability (ED25 is 48, 34.4, and 18.4 μg/mL, respectively, for 99% purity MWCNTs, 97% purity MWCNTs, and acid-treated 97% purity MWCNTs.
As can be seen, CNT has a surface area of 90 m2/g, which increased to 120 m2/g after surface oxidation.
The surface roughness of the coatings after annealing at 500 °C showed a reverse dependency to the room temperature due to the surface oxidation, showing an increased roughness with increasing Zr content in the coatings.
Surface oxidation and increase in roughness resulted in the increase of the hydrophilic character of the surfaces.
It was found that coal flotation performance decreased with an increase in the degree of surface oxidation.
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