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With increasing surface defect structures, the catalytic activities of TM-TiO2 increase.
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Further prolonged processing time leads to a depressed performance, which could be ascribed to increased surface defect density and corresponding recombination rate.
However, luminescence efficiency was considerably low compared to bulk target, which were due to increased surface defects.
Another challenge for these materials is that their increased surface areas and surface defects make them more susceptible to side reactions and uncontrolled growth of the solid electrolyte interphase layer (SEI).
Increasing the machine power increased surface deformation while reducing surface defects.
The reduction of Ce4+ and structure defects would increase surface oxygen concentration and oxygen vacancies.
Increase surface area.
This is due to increase of the surface defect state in Zn1−xCd x S crystals.
These micrographs depict that with the thickness increasing, their roughness and surface defects also increase, thus allowing the formation of nucleation sites for ZnO nanorods growth.
However, the increased density of surface defects is more favorable for supercapacitor applications and often lead to an increase in electrochemical capacitance capability [5].
The fabricated nanocrystals demonstrate a band gap of 2.85 eV, with an increased amount of surface defects that overcome the negative effects of bulk defects as revealed by the positron annihilation measurements.
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