Intermarriage with Europeans has become more common, especially as a result of the increasing out-migration of Tongans since the 1970s.
But the so-called "free trade" agreements - including the North American Free Trade Agreement that has helped deliver sluggish growth, increasing out-migration, and a massive security crisis to Mexico - are just one item of the menu of failed policies that Washington has offered up to its Southern neighbors.
Butajira is a rural Ethiopian society in transition, with increasing out-migration of the labour force, changing economic opportunities and improving connections to the capital city.
However, the traditional family support system for the older people is under pressure due to the increasing out-migration of household members to cities, and women's labour force participation outside the home, causing vulnerability for older people.
This year's World Bank report (pdf) found that only 37% of rural households said they were happy, compared with half of households in cities. "Low living standards, lack of alternative job opportunities, especially for young people, and unhappiness is contributing to increased out-migration as well as families' breakdown and loss of communities' vitality," said the report.
Increased out-migration by men, leaving women with sole responsibility for their families.
Second, educational capacity in most developing countries is not large enough to support both increased out-migration and increased domestic supply.
They find that in a sample of 21 African countries, a 10% increase in the foreign-domestic wage ratio increases out-migration by between 1 per 2,000 population and 1 per 1,000 population.
Such threats come from many sources, e.g. increased out-migration of highly trained staff, reduced or inappropriate training outputs from private universities that are replacing publicly funded higher education institutions, loss of staff through HIV/AIDS, etc. Appropriate responses to such threats need to be devised and implemented in collaboration with national and local stakeholders.
Contradicting conventional interpretations of African migration being essentially driven by poverty, violence and underdevelopment, increasing migration out of Africa seems rather to be driven by processes of development and social transformation which have increased Africans' capabilities and aspirations to migrate, a trend which is likely to continue in the future.
During such inflammation, there are increases in systemic neutrophil recruitment [36], which we observed through significantly reduced circulating neutrophil counts in most septic animals, presumably due to increased migration out of the circulation and into infected tissues.
