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Broader niches resulted in increasing niche overlap and competition but enhanced species mobility, allowing abundance levels to approach expected values determined by map resources.
The breadth of adaptive radiation attainable by an invading lineage decreased with increasing niche occupation of the resident community.
Diversification of the invading lineage (as measured by the number of novel, distinct morphotypes) decreased with increasing niche occupation by resident spatial niche specialists (Fig. 1; F 1,66 = 20.75, P<0.001).
Specialization and generalization (i.e. the evolutionary processes of decreasing or increasing niche axis breadth) depend on the environmental heterogeneity experienced by a population (Futuyma and Moreno 1988; Poisot et al. 2011; Kassen 2002).
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Complex habitats can reduce predation by providing shelter [77], lower competition through increased niche availability [78], [79], and provide specific settlement habitat for larvae [80].
In particular this closing strategy may increase niche development.
However, Elias et al. (2008) found the opposite pattern, suggesting that mutualisms increase niche convergence.
Increased niche partitioning among plants may partially explain how grasslands can be so productive despite their low levels of phylogenetic diversity (Bennett et al. 2013).
The second rapid diversification was likely the result of species fragmentation and increased niche availability, when isolated taxa dispersed short distances into the rich habitat mosaics formed by geological processes during the Pliocene, giving rise to the present-day distribution of Aloe.
We assume in the present model that an adaptation that, for example, decreases the niche overlap with one species increasing the niche overlap with others.
The biofilm formation increases niche heterogeneity, which in turn can promote niche differentiation, and affect the competitive interaction within and between species [ 41].
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