Under the 'EVT' model [4], [5], changes that cause larger increases in fitness are assumed to have greater fitness, thus different de novo resistance-increasing mutations have different probabilities of fixation.
Under truncating selection, all haplotypes with resistance greater than the current haplotype are assumed to have equal selective advantage, thus any de novo resistance-increasing mutation has equal probability of fixation.
Importantly, increased mutations of PIK3CA have also been described in HPV-driven HNC suggesting a potential role for the PI3k/Akt pathway in HNC [86].
For instance, an increased mutation rate has been observed during meiosis, and many of the newly detected mutations appeared to be correlated with neighbouring crossover events [ 38].
Most documented cases of α-thalassemia are caused by deletions involving one or both of the duplicated α globin genes, although increasing numbers of point mutations have been described.
Detection rates for NF2 gene mutations have increased with the introduction of newer techniques.
It is possible that people who carry HFE mutations have increased risk of CHD.
For example, glioma cells with IDH mutations have increased ROS and reduced GSH levels due to insufficient NADPH pools (Shi et al., 2015).
Curtin and colleagues showed that primary melanomas arising from chronically sun-damages skin and mucosal sites, the latter of which typically do not harbor BRAF and NRAS mutations, have increased CCND1 copy number [26].
Viral variants that are composed of recombined genomes containing new mutations have increased the probability of altered immunogenicity.
Pancreatic cancer cells with RNF43 mutations have increased Wnt/β-catenin activity and are especially sensitive to Wnt inhibition [ 59].
