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For example cytokine analysis of LPS-activated microglia between P0 to P49 mice reveal a gradual developmental shift to a defence-orientated M1 phenotype, with an increasing induction of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and a decline in arginase with age (Scheffel et al., 2012).
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This is likely due to increasing inductions of labour for postdates pregnancy in our current practice, with few pregnancies going beyond 42 weeks.
The inverse delivery rate may reflect smoking-related biological mechanisms, such as increased DNA repair, increased induction of detoxification enzymes or saturation of activation enzymes (Lewtas et al, 1997).
Further investigations were performed on the breast cancer cell lines T-47D, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, and PC-3 prostate cancer cells to determine whether the increased effect of PENAO by DCA was due to increased induction of apoptosis.
These findings are in accordance with other studies evaluating the sleeping time during ketamine or ketamine-medetomidine anaesthesia in which the authors suggested an increased induction of metabolizing enzymes, which resulted in an increased clearance of the anaesthetics [ 17- 21].
These combinations may increase induction of apoptosis.
TiO2 NPs also significantly increased induction of mRNA and protein levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).
It was previously found that depletion of PIN1 greatly increased induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by lowering calpain activity in murine aortic endothelial cells (MAEC).
Mutations in NPR1 result in a failure to induce PR genes in systemic tissues and a heightened susceptibility to pathogen infection, whereas overexpression of the NPR1 protein leads to increased induction of the PR genes and enhanced disease resistance.
Exploration of the signaling pathways critical for the increased induction of CXCL10 in astrocytes suggested the involvement of the Jnk, p38, and Akt pathways.
Increased induction of CXCL10 RNA in astrocytes was mediated via transcriptional regulation as demonstrated by transfection of promoter constructs linked to luciferase reporter gene.
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