Life on the congested and hostile middle West Side, with its overcrowded tenements and its increasing eruptions of anti-Negro feeling, had grown harder and harder for them, and in Harlem more and more houses were becoming available that were superior to any they had occupied elsewhere in Manhattan.
The increased eruption rate of Towada is also linked to crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization crystallization relating to amphibole.
Distributions for eruptions of Scales 1 and 3 only show the increased eruption frequency for hotter lake temperatures, while the distribution for Scale 2 eruptions indicates bimodality.
At Sakurajima, increased mafic magma supply during the Younger Minamidake stage is directly linked to the increased eruption rate (Figs. 3, 4).
In summary, these graphs show that lake temperatures both significantly above and below the long-term background level can indicate an increased eruption probability.
At Numazawa, Akagi, and Towada, increased crustal melting, caused by repeated intrusions of mafic magma, resulted in an increased eruption rate (and caldera formation); REE patterns in felsic magmas from these volcanoes (Figs. 7, 9, 13) suggest amphibole fractionation during crustal melting.
Decreases in the K contents of magmas erupted at the beginning of sub-stages P1, P2, and P3 indicate the repeated injection of voluminous mantle-derived magma into the lower crust (Fig. 10, Yamamoto 2016) and correspond to increased eruption rates (Fig. 8).
Eruptions at Numazawa began at 110 ka, and increased in eruption rate until the caldera-forming eruption at 4.6 ka (Fig. 5; Yamamoto 2003).
The tendency for fatal incident distances to increase with eruption explosivity is illustrated in Fig. 6 for eruptions of VEI 5 and 6.
Our main tenet is that a VAL is appropriate if it progressively increases before eruption, or if it increases then decreases when an intrusion of magma does not erupt.
