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We recorded currents elicited by pressure pulses at −60 mV that were preceded by conditioning pressure steps with increasing driving force (voltages from +20 to +140 mV).
The activation energy for the discharge reaction decreases significantly with increasing driving force as modeled by an increasingly negative surface charge on the electrode.
We have found for both reactions that when comparing the activity of substituted phthalocyanines of the same metal, plots of log k at constant potential versus the redox potential of the metallophthalocyanine, the rate of the reaction decreases with increasing driving force of the catalyst.
Activated K+ current hyperpolarizes the flagellar plasma membrane and thus maximizes the entry of Ca2+ via Catsper by increasing driving force on Ca2+.
This increasing driving force then continues to move charge at the desired rate.
Concomitantly, there was a tendency for crack growth rate to initially decelerate despite an increasing driving force, exhibiting the so-called short-crack behavior.
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At higher potential and/or higher temperature, the indirect oxidation of HCOOH with the adsorbed CO as a reactive intermediate is triggered and gradually becomes dominant with increasing driving forces.
It was also found that in vitro drug release rate increased with increasing amount of crospovidone due to the increased water uptake, and hence increased driving force for drug release.
It is not surprising that Coulomb stress changes indicate increased driving force on outer rise normal fault geometries, as there has indeed been activation of offshore faults already in the aftershock sequence, including the second largest aftershock to date.
Strategies to mitigate this loss of yield could include appropriate design of linker energetics, or increased driving force for charge separation.
If this alternative hypothesis were true, the increased drug concentration outside the cells (and increased driving force for diffusion) would lead to faster and greater drug uptake into the cells by the same passive routes as without ultrasound.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com