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Low-cost solar cells based on CZTS films as absorber layers have achieved an increasing conversion efficiency [11 15].
This rapidly increasing conversion efficiency achieving from initial 3.81 to 22.1%, have been realized in period of the 7 years [5 9].
R&D needs for both of these technologies include increasing conversion efficiency, reducing overall technology costs, increasing fuel flexibility so that a variety of new energy crops can be utilised as feedstocks and improving product quality through gas cleaning in gasification and producing cleaner bio-oil from fast pyrolysis [ 11, 18, 21- 25].
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Bifacial photovoltaics are widely investigated with the aim of reducing the amount of silicon used and increasing conversion efficiencies.
But new technologies may be able to greatly increase conversion efficiency, moving from an overall rate of 36percenttoto closer to 50percentt.
Moreover, CZTS nanofibers can be used as replacements for counter electrodes to increase conversion efficiency [14].
Quantum dot solar cells have attracted much attention because of their potential to increase conversion efficiency [1].
As a result of higher film capacitance and electron accumulation, the MA-CNC/TiO2 shows increased conversion efficiency and photocurrent density when used as the photoanode in DSSCs.
The combination of the quasi-phase matching and the photonic band edge effects in a nonlinear structure with periodically poled crystals can significantly increase conversion efficiency, often three-four ofders of magnitude compared to using quasi-phase matching only.
The future success of PV electricity requires significant advances in materials research and advances in the structural design of solar cells to increase conversion efficiency of the cell and reduce manufacturing costs [1].
An increased conversion efficiency of 7.36% was achieved for the DSSCs based on the bamboo type TiO2 NT arrays attributing to the significant increase of dye loading resulted from the bamboo structure.
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