They increase the arbitrariness and unfairness of who gets sentenced to death.
One of the findings of Zimbardo's team was that the arbitrariness of punishments, lack of privacy, public humiliation, and increasing powerlessness led those playing the role of "prisoner" to become enraged, confused and ultimately defeated.
Such additions greatly increased model complexity and arbitrariness while providing little additional insight or reduction in overall error, the MAE values already being quite modest (Table 1).
Peirce's new conventions increased the expressive power of single diagrams, but the arbitrariness of its conventions and more confusing representations (for example, the above diagram) sacrificed the visual clarity which Euler's original system enjoys.
However, as the risk of diabetes increased as the HbA1c level increased, a certain degree of arbitrariness in the cut-off point for defining a high-risk group is unavoidable.
The arbitrariness of valuing single homes in bankruptcy will further increase the already considerable uncertainty regarding the value of the banks' "toxic assets".
On the other hand, scientists' prior beliefs, whether or not they are based on accurate information, introduce an element of arbitrariness and subjectivity in research, and by reinforcing scientists' expectations might also increase their confirmation bias [55].
Reporting an average error rate would be a solution to these problems, but some arbitrariness remains in the choice of classifiers: by including variants of good or bad classifiers, one could almost arbitrarily decrease or increase the average error rate.
However, the risk of diabetes increases as HbA1c increases and a certain degree of arbitrariness in the cut-off for the high risk group is unavoidable.
They are tied to expenses and the arbitrariness of the regulators to grant rate increases without any audits.
