27 Increases in PSA levels during the first year of TRT that are > 1.4 ng/mL (1.4 μg/L) 6 or PSA levels > 4 ng/mL (4 μg/L) 40 may be unusual and suggest the need for a urological consultation as per the Endocrine Society guidelines.
Prostate-specific antigen failure was determined as proposed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), with ⩾3 consecutive increases in PSA level (Cox and Kaplan, 1997) or the ASTRO Phoenix definition (⩾ nadir +2 ng ml−1) (Roach III et al, 2006).
The mean increase in PSA level among patients ≥65 years in the current study was 0.33 ng/mL (0.33 μg/L) and among patients <65 years was 0.17 ng/mL (0.17 μg/L).
While S1P correlation with PSA increase was not statistically significant (due to a considerable difference in PSA levels in different patients), plasma S1P was significantly correlated with PCa patient mortality.
40 PSA level increases associated with TRT typically occur during the initial 6 months of treatment, 27 and further PSA level changes are considered age-related changes in PSA levels.
In some men with cancer, PSA levels may be elevated.
Serum PSA levels were measured prior to each cycle.
These mean increases are consistent with what has been previously found in PSA level change following TRT; approximately 0.30 ng/mL (0.30 μg/L) overall and 0.43 ng/mL (0.43 μg/L) among older men on average.
In exploratory analyses, change in PSA level after the intervention was also compared.
Two small intervention studies among PC patients have reported associations between increased rye intake and tumour growth in terms of reduced PSA-levels and increased apoptosis (Bylund et al, 2003; Landberg et al, 2010), while observational studies of whole grain consumption and PC risk show inconsistent results (Chatenoud et al, 1998; Lewis et al, 2009; Egeberg et al, 2011).
Detectable u-PSA levels after RP can predict PCa recurrence9.
