Across all years (2006 13) there is an increasing trend in flowering probability in the removal treatment (trend contrast P = 0.00008) but no increase in the ambient treatment (Ptrend = 0.57).
While in most F2 populations r values tended to increase with increased variance in flowering time, P12 (Est-1 × Br-0), P15 (Br-0 × C24), P66 (Fei-0 × Col-0), and P129 (C24 × RRS10) formed a distinct group (left-side circle, Figure 1B) with small variances, but differing r values.
However, crude protein concentration increased (P =.02) as soaking length increased in vegetative orchardgrass, and decreased as soaking length increased (P <.001) in flowering alfalfa hay.
Size of flower also improved in SST (T4) significantly with maximum increases in flower diameter (20.75 %), in comparison to all growing media used in this study.
In contrast to the reproductive assurance hypothesis, the increased pollination probability hypothesis predicts that increases in flower showiness [17], [21], [22] and flower longevity with elevation [23] [29] would compensate for the scarcity of pollinators at higher altitudes, challenging the traditional assumption that biotic pollination is limited in high-elevation environments.
Four copies of the FLC gene in B. rapa increase the potential variation in flowering time [ 17].
For example, comparative QTL mapping across crops in the Fabaceae [ 9], Poaceae [ 10, 11], and Solanaceae [ 12] has provided evidence that many domestication traits, including increased seed weight, increased fruit size, and changes in flowering time and life history may be conditioned by independent changes in homologous genes in different lineages.
These epigenetic changes can have significant phenotypic consequences, including increased or reduced seed size in flowering plants [20], [23].
The increase in the number of kinesins in flowering plants is due to vast expansion of the Kinesin-14 and Kinesin-7 families.
