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This loss results in strong surface cooling, giving rise to the characteristic Antarctic temperature inversions in which temperature increases from the surface upward to about 1,000 feet above the surface.
The Zn ratio increases from the surface to the inside.
SIMS and cross-section EDX analysis show that the Ti Si ratio in the films increases from the surface to the substrate, suggesting electro-assist deposition as a potential method for one-step preparation of graded sol gel films.
If the hot fluid side surface convection resistance is lower than the cold fluid side surface convection resistance, then increased volume fraction of the nanoparticles to the base fluid may reduces the heat transfer rate rather than increases from the surface of the wedge to the nanofluid.
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In the autumn of 2011 (Figure 1B), profiles show temperature increasing from the surface (<10°C) to around 4 m depth (14.5°C) followed by a decrease towards the bottom (5°C).
It was shown that under field emission exposure the sp2 fraction in as-grown structures starts increasing from the surface of the particles and this process continues up to the whole particle phase transition.
As the thickness of the adsorbed water increases outward from the surface and extends beyond the bound water, the nature of the water changes either abruptly or gradually to that of liquid water.
In the shot-peened steel the increase in Dav with increasing distance from the surface is transformed into a stress profile based on the σ - Dav relationship established for cold-rolled bulk samples.
The shear stresses are highest at 45° to the void surface and decay with increasing distance from the surface.
MeHg concentrations increased regularly from the surface layer (0.04 ng/L) to the bottom (5.22 ng/L), corresponding to 2.1 - 99.4% of TotHg (Figure 1B).
It appears that at a fixed location above the surface one intermittently finds final products or gaseous reactants with the balance between the two shifting toward the hot products with increasing distance from the surface.
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