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Most likely this increase reflects changes in the mechanical contractile properties of the muscle and indicates compensatory mechanisms, i.e. decreased firing rate and increased twitch force to maintain a constant force output in presence of experimental muscle pain.
5 Central fatigue has also been observed after repeated sprint exercise with an increased twitch force elicited by electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve after repeated sprints, 6 7 indicating insufficient or inefficient central neural drive.
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Supramaximal stimulation was produced by determining twitch threshold voltage and then increasing voltage until no further increase in twitch force could be obtained (approx. 2 2.5 times threshold).
Using human iPS cell models combined with three-dimensional cardiac microtissues, we show that activating PRKAG2 mutations increase microtissue twitch force by enhancing myocyte survival.
Interestingly, caspase inhibition mediated by injection of z-VAD.fmk enhanced the muscle force at day 14, as given by a 1.6 fold increase of the twitch force (P = 0.001) and a 1.3 fold escalation of the tetanic force (P = 0.27) when compared to control (Fig. 1a and b).
Regeneration has been shown to decrease specific force and increase the ratio of twitch force to tetanic force [ 44].
Basic in vitro studies in muscle strips from healthy myocardium have shown substantially increased contractility (measured as isometric twitch force) and prolonged contraction and relaxation times with mild hypothermia [ 11].
Interestingly, when Bcl2 and mini-agrin were co-expressed (dy W /Bcl/mag) there was a significant increase in the absolute twitch force (Pt) compared to dy W /mag mice in both EDL and soleus muscle (Table 1 and Fig 6A and B).
After three weeks in culture, optical tracking of post deflections revealed that auxotonic twitch forces increased in correlation with the degree of afterload, whereas twitch velocities decreased with afterload.
For neonatal cardiomyocytes grown on elastomeric micropillars, twitch forces increased on stiffened posts while twitch velocities leveled down.
Twitch force and FTI decreased continuously with increasing cGMP concentrations.
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