The increased expression of elastase reflects degradation of elastin fibers and hence increased stiffness of the vessel wall.
The altered phenotype of CAFs will result in the increased production of alpha smooth muscle actin with consequences in the increased stiffness of the extracellular matrix [ 58].
The increased stiffness of OA bone with subchondral bone plate sclerosis results in increased trabecular thickening and decreased trabecular space volume/bone mineralisation with the bone cell defects[ 9].
Ventricular hypertrophy causes increased stiffness of the left ventricle, thereby placing a limitation on the amount of compensatory increase in ventricular volume that can be generated.
Receptors, called spindles, in the respiratory muscles measure muscle length and increase motor discharge to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when increased stiffness of the lung or resistance to the movement of air caused by disease impedes muscle shortening.
These changes in respiratory mechanisms are primarily a reflection of the increased stiffness of the bony cage of the chest and decreased strength of the muscles that move the chest during respiration.
Loss of the hepatopetal phase is typically considered to represent increased stiffness of the liver such as in hepatic fibrosis, steatohepatitis and cirrhosis [60, 61, 62].
Despite various advantages, the performance of doped polysilicon-based SU-8 cantilevers is curtailed by the increased stiffness of composite cantilever structure when polysilicon piezoresistor is incorporated within.
As expected, the cooling is reflected in an increased stiffness of tested specimens and their higher propensity to the damage.
Advantage of CLs is increased stiffness of the construct, and disadvantages include added expense and risk of late operative-site pain and pseudarthrosis.
Partial pre-stressing of geogrids and consequently the increased stiffness of the reinforced soil was achieved by following the staged construction procedure.
