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Regardless of the underlying explanation for an increased step width, a consequence of increased step width is that the foot is more lateral with each step.
It has been argued that increased step width reflects a need for augmented stability during pregnancy [ 14], however Foti et al. [ 10] suggested that increased step width is a consequence of increased pelvic width.
In multimorbid and disabled persons we also saw a slower walk, shorter steps and an increased step width.
Whether the increased step width is a mechanical consequence of increased pelvic width or a response to a need for stability is unresolved.
Overweight and obesity negatively affect gait through lower speed, shorter strides and increased step width, resulting in higher cost of walking (Peyrot et al. 2009).
This was confirmed by our results, because we found that persons aged 75 years and older walked significantly slower with shorter steps and with an increased step width in comparison to the age-group 65 to 74 years.
In our study, the group of persons taking 5 or more medications walked slower, with shorter steps and an increased step width (p < 0.05 for all parameters) in comparison to persons taking less than 5 medications, confirming the established observation.
Participants using 5 and more different medications compared to persons taking less than 5 medications and persons aged 75 years and older compared to the age group 65 to 74 years also showed a decreased stride length, velocity, and cadence and an increased step width.
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A decreased step width and increased step length occurred to allow the foot to sufficiently clear the steps.
As predicted, stride lengths increased and step widths narrowed with an increase in velocity.
More importantly, with the increase of step width, these step-like ZGNR nanojunctions present valuable rectification effects, and show a rule that the rectification ratio increases with increasing the step width.
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