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However, combining increased stand-off with sandwich construction does not yield the synergistic benefits of sandwich construction combined with beam inclination.
This means that, by increasing stand-off distance, the average value of micro hardness is decreased.
When the focusing-flow nozzle is employed, the spot size decreases with increasing stand-off distance from 0.4 to 0.8 mm.
This is because the slugs lengthen as they traverse towards their target and thus the duration of loading is extended with increasing stand-off.
Results have shown that the extent of melting of particles decreased, while the crystallinity of the HA increased with increasing stand-off distance with power level of 40 kW.
It is clear that the porosities of the coatings are increased by increasing the stand-off distance.
The un-melted particles can be clearly recognized at longer spray distances and the porosities of the coatings are increased by increasing the stand-off distance.
Thus, by increasing the stand-off distance, the porosity of the coating is increased and micro hardness value is decreased.
By increasing the stand-off distance, the average value of micro hardness is decreased and the porosity of the coating is increased.
Finally, we show that increasing the stand-off distance decreases beam deflections.
We also observed that the contact angle decreases from 107 to 67° by increasing the stand-off distance.
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