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IR-mediated recombination events in E. coli were found to be dramatically reduced with increased spacer length (Bi and Liu 1996).
The tight association of an SD:aSD duplex could make disruption of SD:aSD duplex more energetically expensive than incorporation and folding of extra mRNA into the cavity between ribosome subunits, thus allowing for increased spacer distance between SD site and the codon in the P-site.
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Also the phase transition temperature of polyurethanes decreases with increasing spacer length.
The glass transition temperatures decrease on increasing spacer length before reaching a limiting value at ca. 30°C.
For the H series, both Xb and ΔH decrease with increasing spacer length of the mesogenic diol.
With increasing spacer length, the immunogenicity decreased when using optimal spacer sequences.
33 And, one study describes a reduction in the binding affinity with increasing spacer length.
For the ligands with aliphatic or PEG spacers the binding affinity additionally decreased with increasing spacer length.
Furthermore, with increasing spacer length, the problem of induced neo-epitopes and new arising cleavage sites becomes increasingly challenging.
Remarkably, contrary to the surface immobilized cell assays, soluble monovalent compounds with alkanethiol and PEG-thiol spacers (1– 5) showed a reduced affinity to integrin with increasing spacer length in the inhibition assays (Table 1).
18 A modelling study on oligoarginine peptides suggested that not all the arginine side chains are able to interact with the plasma membrane, and a systematic study showed that longer spacing between the arginine side chains could improve the uptake of these carrier peptides, with activity increasing with increasing spacer length, and with optimal values obtained for 6-aminocaproic acid.
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