Increased sea surface temperature has facilitated the northward extension of Dermo [22] and MSX [35], threatening oyster habitat in polyhaline and oceanic salinities.
In the North and Baltic seas the cause of the late 1980s regime shift was partly associated to a switch in the behavior of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) from a negative phase to its longest ever positive phase, and associated increased sea surface temperature, strong westerly winds [66], [15], [69], and increased inflow of warm, salty water from the Atlantic Ocean [84], [85], [66].
The reefs of Papua New Guinea face a suite of threats from local impacts (over-fishing, development, siltation), transnational (shifts in fisheries pressure, live reef fish trade) and global sources (increased sea surface temperatures, oceanic acidification) [ 8, 27, 28].
Instead, the most prevalent climate change impact cited by both faculty and students was changes in atmospheric and ocean temperatures, such as global warming or increased sea surface temperatures.
Corals have been observed to respond to a wide variety of environmental stressors such as crude oil, copper sulphate, mercury, increased sea surface temperature and decreased salinity by excreting copious amounts of mucus (see review in Brown and Bythell [ 13]).
With predictions of increased sea surface temperatures and other physical changes to the ocean (IPCC, 2013), knowledge of how seabirds can adapt (Sydeman et al., 2012) and the factors limiting those adaptations are essential for effective management of seabird populations in the future.
AIMS has also outlined how other studies from its scientists and those of others around the world have shown that ocean acidification (caused by increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels) and increasing sea surface temperatures are already slowing the growth rates for some coral species.
Overfishing, land-based pollution, increasing sea surface temperatures, disease and terrestrial sediment runoff all contribute to the decline of overall reef growth.
Burns et al. (2002) reported decreasing monsoonal rainfall over the past century related to increasing sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean.
The amplitude of the SNR oscillations depends on both the direct and reflected signal power (see e.g., [28]) and will therefore decrease with a decreasing signal power from the reflected signal, i.e., with increasing sea surface roughness.
Climate scientists continue to search for insight into how manmade global warming, which is increasing sea surface temperatures along with changing air temperatures and the amount of moisture in the air, may be altering tropical storm systems like Haiyan.
