The direct costs relate to increased respiration, e.g. by increased maintenance respiration related to an increased photosynthetic capacity.
Increased photosynthesis will use up carbon dioxide; increased respiration produces more of it.
In climacteric fruits (e.g., banana, pear, apple), ripening is accompanied by increased respiration.
Both lack of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide provide stimuli to nerve centres that induce increased respiration during muscular activity.
Warmer conditions did not result in increased respiration.
The increased respiration of fish suggested that fish had respiratory problems.
Straw amendment resulted in N-limitation, since adding N increased respiration and especially fungal growth.
At the next lower concentration, 0.5 mg/L, an increased respiration rate was observed but no mortality.
Together these findings suggest that any early pain-specific increased respiration should be attenuated in the tonic state of pain.
GB also increased respiration and prevented the accelerated ripening associated with a premature appearance of an ethylene peak in non-GB-treated chilled fruits.
In the northern mid-latitudes, higher CO2 uptake by vegetation is counterbalanced by increased respiration due to higher temperatures (fig. 4).
