Longitudinal transport of the tape along the tape path is subject to lateral disturbances that cause displacement between the head and the desired track and hence increase position error.
Indeed, increased joint position error in whiplash patients has been previously attributed to mechanoreceptor dysfunction in the cervical spine [ 39, 40], and a dysfunctional interaction of the capsular ligament and the multifidus muscle could explain these symptoms.
The increased variance in position error due to dense multipath for the urban channel is evident for both radio settings.
Kinaesthetic sense deficits in patients with cervical pain have in previous studies been demonstrated as reduced accuracy, or increased cervical joint position error, when relocating the head to the initial position after a maximal or sub-maximal cervical movement [ 9, 11, 14, 49, 52, 53].
Moreover, the estimation differences of gain errors will be larger with the increase of position errors.
Both NovAtel OEMV and TOPCON Net-G3A show a slight increase in position errors during the dynamic period, but it is less than one millimeter and could be negligible.
These results show, in accord with empirical observations, how the spatial lag (position error) increases with contrast (Arnold et al. 2009), while the true lag decreases (Spering et al. 2005).
The value of n is determined by g j, then, deviation of position error is increased by the increment of g j (i.e., if n is increased, variance (2n) is also increased).
and that this area and hence position error decrease as increases from and it is minimized when.
(a) ARMSE of gain error estimates versus position error; (b) ARMSE of phase error estimates versus position error; (c) ARMSE of position error estimates versus position error.
