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By contrast to IRE1 however, for which IPA drives activation in vitro and in vivo as IPA concentrations were increased, PERK activation displayed a bell-shaped dose response: PERK was activated at low IPA concentrations while being inhibited at higher ones.
Furthermore using chemical crosslinking, we observed that IPA but not its inactive analog IPAx significantly increased PERK oligomerization, apparent as an enhanced formation of cross-linked species migrating at the size expected for PERK dimers, trimers, and tetramers.
Allicin markedly increased PERK and Nrf2 expression in the hippocampus.
Sindbis virus infection also induced ER stress in mammalian cells as detected by increased PERK phosphorylation and ATF4 translation.
Melanoma patient FNA samples showed increased pERK and pS6K levels in BRAF mutant compared with BRAF WT melanomas, with μNMR blood circulating tumor cell level increased with higher metastatic burden visible on imaging.
When 4T1 cells were treated by 20 ng/ml EGF for 60 minutes increased pERK expression was observed (Fig. 1a).
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Increased PERK-P and eIF2α-P have been reported in postmortem analyses of brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and the tauopathies Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), as well as in prion disease [ 3, 15, 16, 37, 38].
Daidzein and genistein caused phosphorylation of ERK with similar early (5-10 min) peaks, while trans-resveratrol caused increased pERKs significantly only at a delayed (30 min) time point.
These results suggest that miR-17 inhibited senescence through mechanisms other than increasing pERK and pMEK levels.
Research by Lee et al. suggested that PFOS induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells by increasing pERK levels [ 42].
In wild-type K-Ras harbouring Hkh-2 cells and c-Met normal HCC827 cells, PI103 treatment did not increase pERK, while PI103 did in their K-Ras mutant and c-Met amplified counterparts.
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