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Importantly, increased mutations of PIK3CA have also been described in HPV-driven HNC suggesting a potential role for the PI3k/Akt pathway in HNC [86].
There are also reports of increased mutations of the viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) gene in patients with BK nephropathy [ 12– 15].
In sum, high LET alpha particle irradiation (much more than low LET gamma/beta radiation) of the skeleton appears to induce premature aging of the bone marrow; this probably occurs through depletion of its stem cells, increased mutations of DNA, and perhaps replicative senescence within the remainder of the marrow stem cells.
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The one exception to this was for stn1 -13, which showed increased mutations outside of genes, likely associated with mutation bias to gene-poor subtelomeres.
Vertebrate genomes are depleted in CpG dinucleotides as a consequence of an increased mutation rate of methylated CpG dinucleotides (Bird 1980).
For P. aeruginosa strains defective in DNA fidelity and error repair, we found that microcolony initiation and growth was enhanced with increased mutation frequency of the organism.
Part of the difference between our estimates and prior studies arises from the increased mutation rates of our markers.
AID expression leading to increased mutation rate of TP53 was recently shown in human lung cancer cell lines [ 51].
The effect of an increased mutation rate on the rate of cancer evolution was examined.
The fraction of nonsynonymous substitutions was also disproportionately elevated in these regions, which might result from a combination of increased mutation rate and less efficient selection (Fig. 5c,d).
Research shows that genome-wide hypomethylation leads to increased mutation rates and instability of chromosomes.
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