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In response to mosquito salivary antigens, however, sensitized mice also show a significantly increased lymphocyte proliferation response, but, conversely, have an enhanced IL-4 and decreased IFN-γ production, suggesting that a TH2 immune response predominates despite the development of the delayed skin reaction [15].
This results in increased lymphocyte proliferation and chemotaxis (chemically mediated movement) but may also produce local immune suppression.
Likewise, a chronic inflammatory state associated with aging (Macaulay et al., 2013) may drive increased lymphocyte proliferation and lymphocyte loss.
However, a trend toward increased lymphocyte proliferation and NK cytotoxicity was observed in the 6 month training study (Woods et al 1999).
In humans, prenatal exposure to some EDC's such as DES increased lymphocyte proliferation in response to some chemical mitogens such as Concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin [ 5].
In fact, a third factor (related to aging) may induce both cell loss and increased lymphocyte turnover, or increased lymphocyte proliferation could even be driving cell loss.
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The cocoa drink consumption appeared to increase lymphocyte proliferation although not statically significant (p>0.056).
Vitamin A is an important immune enhancer that has been shown to increase lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigens and to potentiate antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens and inhibit apoptosis.
Since BAFF and APRIL have a major impact on B-cell survival, T-cell function, and antibody production [ 11, 12], overexpression of these cytokines could contribute to increased lymphocyte survival and proliferation, potentially leading to increased leucocyte infiltration into the CNS.
Figgs et al. (2000) reported that urinary 2,4-D concentration was associated with an increased lymphocyte replicative index, a cell proliferation biomarker.
In addition, decreased mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was negatively correlated with increased lymphocyte PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions whereas monocyte PD-1-related molecule expressions were highly correlated with increased circulating IL-10 concentration.
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