Two loading conditions were considered: constant axial loads along with monotonic increasing lateral displacement and constant axial load along with cyclic lateral displacement.
As mentioned previously, after the application of the axial load, the specimen was subjected to progressively increasing lateral displacement cycles following the displacement protocol, shown in the figure below.
An RC cantilever column with continuous reinforcement (Column BG-2) tested under constant axial load and unidirectional quasi-static incrementally increasing lateral displacement up to failure was selected (Saatcioglu and Grira 1999).
It is shown that the proposed model provides a good approximation of the experimental response of the connection under monotonically increasing lateral displacements, in terms of stiffness, strength and ductility.
Studies using dynamic MRI suggest that increased femoral internal rotation results in increased lateral patellar displacement and resultant increased stress in the patellofemoral joint [ 29, 30].
This work suggested that soil behaviour, during increasing compression under a sinkage plate, is governed by three processes; (i) compaction below the plate with constant lateral stress, (ii) compaction with increasing lateral stress, and (iii) displacement and compaction of soil laterally.
The results demonstrate that this approach is effective in increasing the lateral displacement ductility capacity while maintaining the high axial load-carrying capacity of the columns.
Indeed, along with increasing the lateral displacement in the frames, the fire resistance decreases such that the fire resistance of the frames pushed to CP level of performance is much lower than that of the frames pushed to LS or IO levels of performance.
The results show that for low levels of seismic hazard, for which the structure is expected to perform basically within the elastic range, the accidental eccentricity is not a concern for the health of the structure, but it significantly increases the lateral displacement demand in the frames (about 30%) and this might cause significant damage to non-structural components.
Figure 1 illustrates the base shear resistance developed by two building models under a constant (increasing) lateral force profile, as a function of the displacement of the roof.
