The inverse delivery rate may reflect smoking-related biological mechanisms, such as increased DNA repair, increased induction of detoxification enzymes or saturation of activation enzymes (Lewtas et al, 1997).
These findings are in accordance with other studies evaluating the sleeping time during ketamine or ketamine-medetomidine anaesthesia in which the authors suggested an increased induction of metabolizing enzymes, which resulted in an increased clearance of the anaesthetics [ 17- 21].
Further investigations were performed on the breast cancer cell lines T-47D, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, and PC-3 prostate cancer cells to determine whether the increased effect of PENAO by DCA was due to increased induction of apoptosis.
TiO2 NPs also significantly increased induction of mRNA and protein levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).
It was previously found that depletion of PIN1 greatly increased induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by lowering calpain activity in murine aortic endothelial cells (MAEC).
Exploration of the signaling pathways critical for the increased induction of CXCL10 in astrocytes suggested the involvement of the Jnk, p38, and Akt pathways.
Increased induction of CXCL10 RNA in astrocytes was mediated via transcriptional regulation as demonstrated by transfection of promoter constructs linked to luciferase reporter gene.
Perfetto et al. [45] showed increased induction of NO-mediated apoptosis in H. pylori infected gastric adenocarcinoma cells upon IFN-γ activation.
The higher abundance of Staphylococcus phage in CF is consistent with the increased induction of Staphylococcus prophage by antibiotics in CF individuals, as shown by previous studies [31].
However, we also observed significantly increased induction of Ifng in CD103−/− mice at day 14, suggesting that the absence of CD103 may result in a global dysregulation of T cell responses.
Consistent with the increased induction of Th2 cytokine genes, infected CD103−/− mice also had elevated Trichuris-specific serum IgG1 and reduced serum IgG2a titers compared with infected WT mice (Figure 2B).
