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Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts.
During spring flood, concentrations of Fetot, Fe<0.4, Mntot, Mn<0.4 and DOC increased in streams with forested catchments (<2% wetland area).
In-stream denitrification may also have increased at Hubbard Brook because coarse woody debris can provide "hot spots" of denitrification, and woody debris may have increased in streams since harvest removals ceased in the early 1900s.
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Quantitative assessments of human and climate effects on increasing in-stream BOD have been carried out at catchment and continental scales11.
Dryland crops have systematically expanded in the north-east of the catchment, an area where increasing in-stream salinization has occurred concurrently with this transition.
These case studies show that although STS constitute a relatively small (often <10%) portion of total annual catchment nutrient loads, they can still significantly increase in-stream nutrient concentrations, especially during low flow periods in summer.
We suggest approaches that increase in-stream carbon availability, contact between the water and benthos, and connections between streams and adjacent terrestrial environments.
Statistical analyses indicated that all treatments resulted in significant (α = 0.05) increases in stream temperature.
Macroinvertebrate drift increased in both streams in response to acidification and was dominated by Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae.
Predator-avoidance training in one study increased the in-stream survival of test subjects up to 26% over un-conditioned fish [43], [44].
Salinity in these streams increased in direct proportion to accumulated application of road salt (18).
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