With the result, these effects can increase electric potential or resistance of electrodes, thereby diminishing the NO3 − removal efficiency subsequently (Tsai et al. 1997; Lee et al. 2006).
Moreover, preconcentration increases with increasing electric potentials that generate vortex flow and a slow-flow zone near the membrane.
(29) Precipitation and blocking of the pore will lead to an increased electric field at the pore, and thus a negative potential may move the precipitate out of the pore and into the bath by electrophoretic forces.
The preconcentration factor at 600 s increased with electric potential as 1-, 2-, 5-, 30-, 100- and 300-fold for 5, 10, 20, 50, 75 and 100 V, respectively.
Alkaline medium presents several advantages when compared to acidic medium, as an oxygen reduction reaction takes place with faster kinetic than in acid media, increasing the electric potential of the fuel cell [15] and many non-noble metals are stable for electrochemical applications, either as anode or a cathode [14].
But Mark Duvall, project manager for electric transportation at EPRI, a nonprofit research organization funded by electric utilities, argues that PHEVs will not measurably increase electric utilities' water needs.
The results revealed that the increase in electric potential difference and wash solution concentration generally enhanced Pb removal efficiency and the interactions of these parameters were significantly positive.
Comparison of the water removal efficiency (51.9%) achieved at the 20 V at 4 cm spacing showed that power consumption at 30 V was 1.5 times larger than that at 20 V, suggesting a further increase of electric potential is unnecessary.
An electric field was present, as seen from the increase in electric potential by 6 mV with depth.
