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Alternatively, it may be the case that the increased visual complexity would inhibit comprehension of the symbols – that is, the increased complexity may prevent, or override, a benefit of increased comprehensibility.
In addition, the predictions regarding the effects of symbol characteristics on reaction times are unclear because increased complexity might be expected to lengthen initial visual processing, whereas increased comprehensibility might be expected to shorten the decision stage.
The members of warning concept triplets differed not only in terms of comprehensibility and complexity but also in terms of how increased comprehensibility and complexity were implemented – that is, in terms of the types of contextual cues that were added to increase comprehensibility and complexity.
Symbols were systematically altered such that increased visual complexity (in the form of contextual cues) resulted in increased comprehensibility.
Symbols within warning concept triplets were systematically altered such that increased visual complexity (in the form of contextual cues) resulted in increased comprehensibility (as determined by expert ratings).
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Griffith, Wahl and Izurieta (2011) introduced the TrueRefactor tool to find and remove a set of code smells from a program in order to increase comprehensibility.
For example, the Danish translation of item 3 deleted "I am satisfied that" to increase comprehensibility of the item in Danish.
A significant main effect of comprehensibility complexity condition (low, medium and high) indicated that mean target composite confidence increased with increasing comprehensibility and complexity, F 2,87) = 98.87, p < 0.01, η = 0.69 (see Table 2).
This pretest prompted changes that essentially involved spelling out both the main question and answer options more thoroughly (e.g. "problems with running" instead of "running" and "never was a problem" instead of "never") to increase comprehensibility.
In conclusion, our results indicate that symbols should be designed to be comprehensible as possible (i.e. to have a high probability of having its meaning guessed) and that, in some instances, added complexity can increase comprehensibility.
In order to increase comprehensibility in the reporting phase, we hereby distinguished between slight frailty (ZZP 1), moderate frailty (ZZP 2 and 3), and severe frailty (ZZP 4, 5, and 6).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com