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However, in areas with much smaller reductions in badger densities (in particular, land up to 2km outside extensive culling areas and areas subjected to small, reactive culls) there were increased cattle infections, presumably due to the increase in contact with perturbed, infected badgers.
The management strategy was focused on providing milk and increased cattle numbers for pastoralists and supplying beef to satisfy the high market demand.
Together these findings suggest that GBS may be transmitted between bovines and humans in a farm environment and that increased cattle exposure is associated with colonization.
As herd size increased, cattle owners tend to take their animals into the plains joining into the practice of transhumance grazing which brings their animals in contact with wildlife [ 23].
Professor Rosie Woodroffe, a badger expert at the Zoological Society of London who worked on a landmark 10-year study of badger culling, said: "Culling only reduces cattle TB if badger numbers are greatly reduced over very large areas – and even then any benefits come at a cost of increased cattle TB on neighbouring land".
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Thirty independent scientists, including Professor Krebs, have challenged the Government's policy, stating that the complexities of TB transmission mean that culling risks increasing cattle TB.
As scientists with expertise in managing wildlife and wildlife diseases, we believe the complexities of TB transmission mean that licensed culling risks increasing cattle TB rather than reducing it.
Wars between the Nama and Herero were exacerbated from the mid 19th century by the increasing cattle and ivory trade and the availability of firearms; apart from a breathing space between l870 and 1880, the Nama-Herero wars continued from 1863 to 1892.
In northwestern Mexico, large tracts of native desert scrub and thorn scrub vegetation are being converted to non-native grass pastures at an increasing rate in an effort to increase cattle production.
Academics from the UK, as well as US universities, write that "as scientists with expertise in managing wildlife and wildlife diseases, we believe the complexities of TB transmission mean that licensed culling risks increasing cattle TB rather than reducing it".
There are several explanations for the noted association between increasing cattle exposure and colonization.
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