Initial lymphatics have been excluded from these analyses on the basis of morphology (note the increased calibre of the initial lymphatics) and differential staining for Lyve-1, podoplanin and collagen IV (Supplementary Fig S1).
In areas where needling has not been performed, aneurysmal dilation can occur and the high flow though the vessel may result in abnormal shear stress, which promotes outward remodelling and gradual dilation with grossly increased calibre of the vessel [ 14, 15].
We found that ahead of the reported decline in coronary endothelial vasodilator function in diabetic rats there was moderate elevation in ROCK expression, more widespread segmental constriction when nitric oxide and prostacyclin production were inhibited and notably, increased calibre in second and third order small arteries-arterioles following ROCK inhibition.
This effect of interaction indicates that independent from the natural anatomical effect of proximally increasing calibre (main effect of Location) and independent from the apparent disease related calibre increase (effect of Group), there exists an additional location dependent effect of disease severity on nerve calibre.
Lung parenchymal abnormalities visible on CT include areas of ground-glass opacity, interlobular septal thickening, parenchymal fibrosis scars, emphysema bullae, peribronchovascular interstitial thickening, increased vascular calibre, bronchiectasis, and thickening of the pleura and fissures [46].
In keeping with this assumption, it has been shown that the absence of the heparin-binding isoforms of VEGF-A alters the distribution and gradients of VEGF-A protein without heparin-binding capacity in tissues and leads to a reduced vascular branching complexity and increased microvessel calibre [46].
The association of increased vascular calibre with retinopathy severity is consistent with results from previous studies which demonstrated vasodilation in adults with type 2 diabetes with increasing diabetes duration.
The increases in white matter in adolescence have been proposed to reflect increased axonal calibre within fibre bundles (Paus, 2010) and/or myelination, which in humans continues well into the second and even the third decade of life (Miller et al., 2012).
A lot of the investment has gone into increasing the calibre and salaries for managers, and building or acquiring new offices and hospitals, but there has not been an improvement in productivity to match.
When given as a synthetic agent intravenously (1 ml/10 kg body weight), it improves the visualisation of the pancreatic duct by increasing its calibre.
The increase in white matter volume has been attributed to progressive age-related axonal myelination observed in histological samples [Benes et al., 1994; Yakovlev and Lecours, 1967], or alternatively, to increasing axonal calibre [Paus et al., 2008].
