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In the absence of metformin, metr-1 did not increase worm lifespan (p = 0.85; Figure 5D).
The underpinning mechanism involves autophagy activation in response to PUFA supplementation [ 37], whereas malate and fumarate supplementation increase worm lifespan likely increasing respiration [ 38].
Proliferating E. coli block the alimentary canal in older worms, and antibiotic treatment can both prevent this proliferation and increase worm lifespan (Garigan et al., 2002).
This defines at least three mechanisms by which reducing E. coli availability could increase worm lifespan: reducing nutrient availability, reducing microbial metabolic functions essential for C. elegans and reducing pathogenicity.
As expected, culture on axenic medium (Lenaerts et al., 2008) and bacterial deprivation (Kaeberlein et al., 2006) caused an increase in worm lifespan, typical of DR. Under these conditions, metformin did not increase worm lifespan, but instead markedly reduced it.
Interestingly, among E. coli strains there was a strong positive correlation between the capacity of metformin to increase worm lifespan and to inhibit bacterial growth (R = 0.82, p < 0.0007; Figure 3F).
Similar(53)
Many mammals exhibit a periparturient relaxation of previously established immune responses (PPRI) to gastrointestinal nematodes culminating in increased worm burdens.
The data collected from this study suggests that farms implementing SCOPS principles use less anthelmintic than other farms, without loss of animal performance or increased worm burden.
Immunosuppression increased worm egg counts (WEC) of infected lambs (SUPY 2421 eggs per gram (epg), SUPN 1154 epg on day 84, p < 0.05) and T. colubriformis burdens (p < 0.05 0.10) and reduced circulating eosinophils (p < 0.05 on days 11, 42, 56 and 84) and intestinal total antibody titres (p < 0.02).
For both models, the effect of increasing worm fecundity was to increase the maximum worm breakpoints and decrease the corresponding TBRs.
Conversely, mice infected with S. mansoni and treated with thyroxine had increased worm numbers, and the worms grew larger, matured earlier and laid more eggs.
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